Xhumana nama-herbicidesngamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuphatha ukhula ngokubhubhisa kuphela izicubu zezitshalo ezihlangana nazo ngqo. Ngokungafaniama-herbicides esistimu, ezimuncwa futhi zinyakaze ngaphakathi kwesitshalo ukuze zifinyelele futhi zibulale izimpande zaso nezinye izingxenye, thintana nama-herbicides asebenza endaweni, abangele umonakalo nokufa kuphela ezindaweni ezithintayo.
Imithi yokubulala ukhula iphakathi kwezinhlobo zakuqala zemithi yokubulala ukhula ezakhelwe ukulawula ukhula kwezolimo kanye nokungasikhona kwezolimo. Ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuqale ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, futhi naphezu kokufika kobuchwepheshe bokubulala ukhula obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ama-herbicides ahlala esebenza kahle kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka khona ukulawula ukhula ngokushesha, endaweni.
Ukubaluleka Ekulawuleni Ukhula
Ukubaluleka kokuthintana nemithi yokubulala ukhula ekulawulweni kokhula kwesimanje kusekusebenzeni kwayo okusheshayo kanye nekhono lokulawula izindawo ezithile eziyinkinga ngaphandle kokuthinta izimila ezizungezile. Lokhu kubenza babe yigugu kuzo zombili izimo zezolimo, njengokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemigqa, kanye nezindawo ezingalinywanga njengezindlela kanye nezindawo zezimboni.
Indlela Yesenzo Sokuthintana Nemithi Yokubulala Ukhula
Thinta ama-herbicides asebenza ngokulimaza ngokuqondile amaseli ezitshalo ezihlangana nawo. Lo monakalo ngokuvamile uhilela ukuqhekeka kolwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, okuholela ekuvuzeni kwamangqamuzana angaphakathi nokufa ngokushesha kwezicubu ezithintekile. Indlela ethile ingahluka kuye ngomuthi wokubulala ukhula kodwa ngokuvamile iphumela kumthelela osheshayo nobonakalayo.
Izinhlobo Zokulimala Kumaseli Ezitshalo
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zomonakalo weselula obangelwa ama-herbicides athintana nawo zihlanganisa:
Ukuphazamiseka Kwe-Membrane Yeseli: Okuholela ekuvuzeni kweseli kanye nokususwa kwe-deiccation.
I-Oxidative Stress: Ibangelwa isizukulwane sezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS), ezilimaza izingxenye zeselula.
I-pH Ukungalingani: Ukubangela ukungasebenzi kwamaselula nokufa.
Ukuqhathanisa ne-Systemic Herbicides
Ngokungafani nama-herbicides, ama-systemic herbicides amuncwa isitshalo futhi athuthelwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya izimpande namahlumela, ukuze abulale sonke isitshalo. Lokhu kwenza ama-systemic herbicides asebenze kahleukhula olungapheliukulawula, njengoba zingakhomba izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zokhula. Kodwa-ke, ama-herbicides okuxhumana ayakhethwa ngenxa yesenzo sawo esisheshayo kanye nengozi encishisiwe yokuthinta izitshalo ezingahlosiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Thintana nama-Herbicides
Amakhambi okubulala ukhula ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengezifutho, okudinga ukumbozwa kahle kwamahlamvu esitshalo okuhlosiwe ukuze asebenze kahle. Amasu okusebenza afanelekile abalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola kanye nomonakalo ongahlosiwe.
Ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle, ama-herbicides othintana nawo kufanele asetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokukhula lapho ukhula lukhula futhi lunendawo eyanele yamaqabunga ukuze amunce umuthi. Izicelo zasekuseni noma ntambama zivame ukukhethwa ukunciphisa ukuhwamuka nokukhukhuleka.
Ukunemba kubalulekile uma usebenzisa ama-herbicides. Kufanele kuqikelelwe ukuthi kusetshenziswe umuthi obulala ukhula okhulani kuphela, njengoba lezi zibulala-khula ngokuvamile azikhethi futhi zingalimaza izitshalo ezifiselekayo ezihlangana nazo. Ukusebenzisa izihlangu zokuzivikela kanye namasu okufafaza aqondiswe kungasiza ukufeza lokhu kunemba.
Izimo Zokusebenzisa Zokuthintana Nokubulala Ukhula
Ukulawula Ukhula Lonyaka
Ama-herbicides othintana nawo asebenza kakhulu ngokumeleneukhula lonyaka, abaqeda umjikelezo wabo wokuphila ngesizini eyodwa. Ngokucekela phansi izingxenye ezingenhla, lemithi yokubulala ukhula ivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwembewu kanye nokusabalala kokhula lwaminyaka yonke.
I-Inter-row Control Ukhula
Ezimeni zezolimo, ama-herbicides athintana nawo avame ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula ukhula phakathi kwemigqa yezitshalo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izitshalo ngokwazo. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza olukhethiwe lusiza ukugcina impilo yezitshalo ngenkathi kulawulwa ukhula.
Sebenzisa Ezindaweni ezingalinywa
Imithi yokubulala ukhula ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingalimi njengezindlela, izindawo zezimboni, kanye nojantshi lapho kudingeka khona ukulawula ukhula olubanzi. Isenzo sabo esisheshayo nokusebenza ngempumelelo kulezi zindawo kubenza babe ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuphatha izimila.
I-Common Contact Herbicides
Indlela Yesenzo: I-Diquat iphazamisa ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, ibangele ukuncipha okusheshayo kwezicubu zezitshalo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimo: Imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukususa imivini yamazambane ngaphambi kokuvuna kanye nokulawula ukhula lwasemanzini.
Izici: Isebenza ngokushesha ngemiphumela ebonakalayo emahoreni ambalwa.
Indlela Yesenzo: I-Paraquat yenza ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo, ezilimaza izingxenye zamangqamuzana, okuholela ekufeni kwezitshalo ngokushesha.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimo: Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo ekufakweni kokushiswa ngaphambi kokutshala nasezindaweni ezingalimi.
Izici: Isebenza ngokushesha kakhulu kodwa inobuthi obukhulu, edinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela nokusetshenziswa.
Indlela Yesenzo: Le asidi enamafutha iphazamisa ulwelwesi lwamaseli, okuholela ekuqedweni ngokushesha kwezicubu zezitshalo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimo: Imvamisa isetshenziswa ekulimeni okuphilayo njengomuthi ongakhethi wokwelapha amabala.
Izici: Ithathwe emithonjeni yemvelo futhi ibhekwa njengephephile endaweni ezungezile.
Indlela Yesenzo: I-Glufosinate ivimbela i-enzyme ye-glutamine synthetase, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamazinga anobuthi e-ammonia ngaphakathi kwamaseli ezitshalo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimo: Isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukhula ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ummbila nobhontshisi wesoya, kanye nokufaka i-turf kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa.
Izici: Ayikhethi futhi yenza ngokushesha.
Indlela Yesenzo: Yehlisa i-pH ngaphakathi kwamaseli ezitshalo, okuholela ekuncipheni nasekufeni kwezicubu zesitshalo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimo: Kusetshenziswa ekulimeni okuphilayo nasezingadini zasekhaya ukulawula ukhula oluncane.
Izici: Imvelo kanye ne-biodegradable, ngokusebenza kahle kuye ngokugxilisa ingqondo.
Izinzuzo Zokuthintana Nemithi Yokubulala Ukhula
Imiphumela Esheshayo
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zemithi yokubulala ukhula ikhono layo lokukhiqiza imiphumela esheshayo. Imiphumela ebonakalayo ivamise ukwenzeka phakathi namahora kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, okuyenza ibe ilungele izimo lapho kudingeka khona ukulawula ukhula ngokushesha.
Azikho Izinsalela Zomhlabathi
Xhumana nama-herbicides ngokuvamile awashiyi izinsalela emhlabathini, okuvumela ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ngokuphephile ngemva nje kokufakwa. Lokhu kuntuleka kwezinsalela zomhlabathi kuyenza ilungele izinhlelo ezididiyelwe zokulawula ukhula.
Isenzo Esiqondisiwe
Isenzo sendawo semithi yokubulala ukhula sivumela ukuphathwa kokhula okunembayo ezindaweni ezithile ezinezinkinga ngaphandle kokuphazamisa insimu yonke noma ingadi. Lesi senzo esihlosiwe sizuzisa kuzo zombili izimo zezolimo nezingezona ezokulima.
Imikhawulo Yokuthintana Nemithi Yokubulala Ukhula
Ukumila Kabusha Kokhula
Njengoba ama-herbicides athintana nawo awazithinti izimpande, ukhula oluhlala njalo lungase lumila ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Lo mkhawulo udinga ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe noma ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zokulawula ukhula.
Ukubulala Okungakhethi
Ukuthintana nama-herbicides kungalimaza noma yisiphi isitshalo esithintayo, okudinga ukusetshenziswa ngokucophelela ukugwema ukulimaza izitshalo ezifiselekayo. Lokhu kungakhethi kudinga ukukhomba okunembile kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela ngesikhathi sokufaka isicelo.
Ukuphepha Ukukhathazeka
Amanye ama-herbicides, njenge-paraquat, anobuthi obukhulu futhi adinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokuvikela ezifanele kanye namasu okusebenza abalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi empilweni yabantu nasezintweni ezingahlosiwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-17-2024
