Uyini umehluko phakathi kweGlyphosate, Paraquat, neGlufosinate-ammonium?

I-Glyphosate, iParaquat, neGlufosinate-ammonium yimithi emithathu emikhulu ye-biocidal. Ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nezinzuzo zayo. Cishe bonke abalimi bangabala ezimbalwa zazo, kodwa izifinyezo nezifinyezo ezimfishane neziphelele nezifinyezo ziseyivelakancane. Zifanele ukufingqa futhi kulula ukuzibamba ngekhanda.

I-Glyphosate
I-Glyphosate iwuhlobo lwe-organophosphorus-uhlobo lwe-systemic conductive broad-spectrum, i-biocidal, i-low-toxic. Ivimbela ikakhulukazi i-enalacetyl shikimate phosphate synthase ezitshalweni, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuguqulwa kwe-shikidomin ibe yi-phenylalanine ne-tyrosine. Futhi ukuguqulwa kwe-tryptophan, okuphazamisa ukwakheka kwamaprotheni futhi kuholele ekufeni kwezitshalo. I-Glyphosate ine-systemic conductivity enamandla kakhulu. Ngeke nje imuncwe futhi idluliselwe ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba ngeziqu namaqabunga, kodwa futhi ingadluliselwa phakathi kwamathila ahlukene esitshalo esisodwa. Inamandla okubulala ezicutshini ezingaphansi komhlaba zokhula olunezimpande ezingapheli futhi ingafinyelela ekujuleni imishini yezolimo evamile engeke yafinyelela kuyo. Ngemuva kokungena emhlabathini, umuthi uhlangana ngokushesha nensimbi, i-aluminium nezinye i-ion zensimbi futhi ulahlekelwe umsebenzi. Ayinayo imiphumela emibi ezimbewini nasezilwanyaneni ezincane ezisemhlabathini futhi iphephile ezitheni zemvelo nezinto eziphilayo ezinenzuzo.
I-Glyphosate ilungele ukutshala ezinsimini zezithelo ezifana nama-apula, amapheya, namawolintshi, kanye namasimu kamalibhele, amasimu kakotini, ummbila ongalimi, irayisi elinembewu engaphekiwe, amasimu enjoloba, amasimu angavundile, eceleni kwemigwaqo, njll. lawula ngempumelelo ukhula lotshani lwaminyaka yonke noluhlala lukhona, amasedge kanye nokhula lwamaqabunga abanzi. Olunye ukhula olumelana kakhulu ne-Liliaceae, Convolvulaceae kanye neLeguminosae, imithamo eyengeziwe kuphela engalawulwa ngempumelelo.

I-Paraquat
I-Paraquat isibulala-zinambuzane esibulala ukhula esisebenza ngokushesha esinomthelela onamandla olimazayo ezicutshini eziluhlaza zezitshalo. Amaqabunga okhula azoqala ukonakala futhi ashintshe umbala emahoreni angu-2-3 ngemva kokufakwa kwe-herbicide. Umuthi awunawo umphumela we-systemic conduction futhi ungalimaza kuphela indawo yokufaka isicelo, kodwa awukwazi ukulimaza izimpande zezitshalo nembewu efihlwe enhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, ukhula luvuselela ngemva kokufakwa. Ayikwazi ukungena kumagxolo angaphansi. Uma usuhlangene nomhlabathi, uzokhangiswa futhi ungadluliswa. I-Paraquat idume kakhulu ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezifana nomphumela osheshayo, ukumelana nokuguguleka kwemvula, nokusebenza kwezindleko eziphezulu. Nokho, inobuthi obukhulu futhi iyingozi kakhulu kubantu nasemfuyweni. Uma sekufakwe ubuthi, alikho ikhambi elithile.

I-Glufosinate-ammonium
1. Inenqwaba yemithi yokubulala ukhula. Ukhula oluningi luyazwela ku-Glufosinate-ammonium. Lolu khula luhlanganisa: i-cowgrass, bluegrass, sedge, bermudagrass, barnyard grass, ryegrass, bentgrass, sedge rice, Special-shaped sedge, crabgrass, licorice zasendle, stinkweed yamanga, corn grass, roughleaf flower grass, flying grass, wild amaranth, sedge, utshani be-lotus obungenalutho (utshani obushintshashintshayo), i-chickweed, impukane encane, umamezala, ihhashi i-Amaranth, i-Brachiaria, i-Viola, i-field bindweed, i-Polygonum, isikhwama somalusi, i-chicory, i-plantain, i-ranunculus, umoya wengane, i-European Senecio, njll.

2. Izici zesenzo ezivelele. I-Glufosinate-ammonium ayidingi imvula amahora angu-6 ngemva kokufafaza ukuze ikhulise ukusebenza kwayo kahle. Ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini, ngenxa yokuthi ingonakaliswa ama-microorganisms enhlabathini, uhlelo lwempande alukwazi ukulumunca noma lumunca kancane kakhulu. Iziqu namaqabunga Ngemva kokwelashwa, amaqabunga asheshe abe ne-phytotoxicity, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ukuqhutshwa kwe-Glufosinate-ammonium ku-phloem ne-xylem. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama ophezulu, nokukhanya okuphezulu kukhuthaza ukumuncwa kwe-Glufosinate-ammonium futhi kwandise kakhulu umsebenzi. Ukwengeza i-5% (W/V) i-ammonium sulfate esixazululweni sesifutho kungakhuthaza ukumuncwa kweGlufosinate-ammonium futhi kuthuthukise ngempumelelo umsebenzi weGlufosinate-ammonium ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi zokushisa. Ukuzwela kochungechunge lwezitshalo ku-Glufosinate-ammonium kuhlobene nokumuncwa kwazo ama-herbicides, ngakho-ke i-ammonium sulfate inomphumela obaluleke kakhulu we-synergistic okhula olunokuzwela okuncane.

3. Iphephile ngokwemvelo, iGlufosinate-ammonium yonakaliswa ngokushesha yizinambuzane ezincane ezisemhlabathini, futhi ukuvuza kwayo enhlabathini eminingi akudluli ku-15 cm. Amanzi akhona enhlabathini athinta ukukhanga kwawo kanye nokuwohloka kwawo, futhi ekugcineni akhiphe isikhutha. Azikho izinsalela ezitholiwe ekuvuneni kwezitshalo kanti uhhafu wempilo yizinsuku ezingu-3-7. Ezinsukwini ezingu-32 ngemva kokwelashwa kwesiqu namaqabunga, cishe u-10% -20% wezinhlanganisela kanye nemikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwahlala emhlabathini, futhi ngezinsuku ezingu-295, izinga lensalela lase lisondele ku-0. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuphepha kwemvelo, isigamu sempilo emfushane kanye nokungahambi kahle endaweni. inhlabathi yenza i-Glufosinate-ammonium nayo ifanele ukuhlanzwa kwehlathi.

4. Amathemba abanzi. Njengoba i-Glufosinate-ammonium ine-spectrum ebanzi yokubulala ukhula, yonakaliswa ngokushesha endaweni ezungezile futhi inobuthi obuncane ezilwaneni ezingahlosiwe, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa njengomuthi okhetha ukhula ngemva kokuvela ezinsimini zezitshalo. Ubuchwepheshe be-Bioengineering Lokhu kunikeza ithuba. Njengamanje, i-Glufosinate-ammonium ikleliswe endaweni yesibili ngemva kwe-Glyphosate ocwaningweni nasekugqugquzeleni izitshalo ezimelana ne-herbicide eguqulwe ngofuzo. Njengamanje, izitshalo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo ezimelana ne-Glufosinate-ammonium zifaka ukudlwengula, ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya, ukotini, isithombo sebhitrudi, ilayisi, ibhali, Ukolweni, i-rye, amazambane, irayisi, njll. Akungabazeki ukuthi iGlufosinate-ammonium inemakethe enkulu yokuhweba. Ngokusho kolunye ulwazi, i-Glufosinate-ammonium ingavimbela futhi ilawule ukutheleleka kwe-rice sheath blight futhi inciphise amakoloni ewakhiqizayo. Inomsebenzi ophezulu wokulwa nesikhunta esibanga ukubola kwe-sheath, i-sclerotinia kanye ne-pythium wilt, futhi ingakuvimbela futhi zelaphe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ukhula nezifo zokukhunta ezitshalweni ze-Glufosinate-ammonium transgenic. Ukufafaza umthamo ojwayelekile we-Glufosinate-ammonium emasimini kabhontshisi wesoya ongaguquki we-Glufosinate-ammonium kunomphumela othile ovimbelayo kubhaktheriya kabhontshisi wesoya i-Pseudomonas infestans futhi kungavimbela noma kubambezele ukukhula kwamagciwane. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Glufosinate-ammonium inezici zokusebenza okuphezulu, ukumuncwa okuhle, i-spectrum ebanzi yokubulala ukhula, ubuthi obuphansi, nokuhambisana okuhle kwemvelo, ingenye isibulala-khula esihle kakhulu ngemva kwe-Glyphosate.