1. Umqondo wezifo zezitshalo
Isifo sezitshalo yisimo lapho imisebenzi evamile yomzimba yesitshalo ithinteka kakhulu futhi sibonisa ukungahambi kahle kwe-physiology nokubukeka ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kwezinto eziphilayo ze-pathogenic noma izimo ezimbi zemvelo, ukuqina kwazo okudlula izinga isitshalo esingalibekezelela. Lokhu kuchezuka esimweni esivamile sesitshalo ukuvela kwezifo. Imiphumela yezifo zezitshalo emisebenzini yezemvelo yezitshalo ibonakala kakhulu kulezi zici eziyisikhombisa ezilandelayo:
Ukumuncwa kanye nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi namaminerali: izifo zingase zivimbele isimiso sezimpande zezitshalo ekumunceni amanzi namaminerali, kuthinte ukuthuthwa kwamanzi okuvamile nezakhamzimba.
I-Photosynthesis: izifo zingathinta ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic yamaqabunga ezitshalo futhi zinciphise ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-photosynthetic.
Ukudluliswa komsoco kanye nokuthutha: izifo zingase ziphazamise ukudluliswa okujwayelekile kanye nokuthuthwa kwezakhi esitshalweni.
Izinga lokukhula nentuthuko: izifo zingase zivimbele ukukhula okujwayelekile nezinga lokukhula kwezitshalo.
Ukuqoqwa nokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo (isivuno): izifo zinganciphisa isivuno sesitshalo futhi zithinte ukubuya komnotho.
Ukugaya, i-hydrolysis kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwemikhiqizo (ikhwalithi): Izifo zingathinta ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezitshalo, ziyenze ibe yigugu kangako emakethe.
Ukuphefumula: Izifo zingase zikhulise ukuphefumula kwezitshalo futhi zidle izinto eziphilayo.
2. Izinhlobo zezifo zezitshalo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezifo zezitshalo ezinezici ezihlukahlukene ze-etiologic ezibangela izifo ezihlukahlukene. Izifo zezitshalo zingahlukaniswa zibe izifo ezihlaselayo nezingahlaseli ngokuya ngohlobo lwembangela.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo
Izifo ezihlaselayo zibangelwa ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic, angasakazwa ngokuthintana nesitshalo kuya kwesinye, izinambuzane, nezinye izifo. Izifo ezinjalo zihlanganisa:
Izifo zesikhunta: izifo ezibangelwa isikhunta, njengesikhunta esimpunga sikatamatisi. Izifo zesikhunta zivame ukubonakala nge-necrosis, ukubola, kanye nesikhutha ezicutshini zezitshalo.
Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane: izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, njenge-watermelon bacterial fruit spot disease. Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zivame ukubonakala ngamachashaza anamanzi, ukubola, nokuchitheka kobovu.
Izifo ze-Nematode: izifo ezibangelwa ama-nematode, njenge-tomato root-knot nematode disease. Izifo ze-Nematode zivame ukubonakaliswa njengenyongo ezimpandeni, ukukhula kwezitshalo, njalonjalo.
Izifo zegciwane: izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, njenge-tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease. Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zivame ukubonakaliswa njengokuqhakaza kwamaqabunga, ama-dwarfing, njll.
Izifo zezitshalo ezingama-Parasitic: izifo ezibangelwa izitshalo ezingama-parasitic, njenge-dodder disease. Izifo zezitshalo ezingama-parasitic zivame ukubonakala ngokuthi isitshalo esiyisinambuzane sizisonge sizungeze lesi sitshalo futhi simunce umsoco waso.
Izifo ezingatheleleki
Izifo ezingahlaseli zibangelwa izimo zemvelo ezimbi noma izinkinga ngesitshalo ngokwaso. Izifo ezinjalo zihlanganisa:
Izifo zofuzo noma zemvelo: izifo ezibangelwa izakhi zofuzo zesitshalo noma ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa.
Izifo ezibangelwa ukuwohloka kwezinto ezibonakalayo: Izifo ezibangelwa izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana namazinga okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi omoya, umoya, imvula, umbani, isichotho, nokunye.
Izifo ezibangelwa ukuwohloka kwezici zamakhemikhali: Izifo ezibangelwa ukutholakala ngokweqile noma ukunganele kwezinto zikamanyolo, ukungcoliswa komkhathi nomhlabathi onezinto ezinobuthi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezibulala-zinambuzane namakhemikhali.
Amanothi
Izifo ezithathelwanayo: izifo ezibangelwa ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic (njengesikhunta, amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, ama-nematodes, izitshalo ze-parasitic, njll), ezithathelwanayo.
Izifo ezingatheleleki: Izifo ezibangelwa izimo zemvelo ezimbi noma izinkinga zesitshalo ngokwazo, ezingatheleleki.
3. Ukuxilongwa kwezifo zezitshalo
Ngemva kokuvela kwezifo zezitshalo, into yokuqala okufanele yenziwe ukwenza isinqumo esinembile sesitshalo esigulayo, ukuze kuphakanyiswe izinyathelo ezifanele zokulawula ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa izifo zezitshalo.
Inqubo yokuxilonga
Inqubo yokuxilongwa kwezifo zezitshalo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa:
Ukuqashelwa kanye nokuchazwa kwezimpawu zezifo zezitshalo: Qaphela futhi urekhode izimpawu zesifo ezikhonjiswa isitshalo.
Ukubuza ngomlando wesifo kanye nokubuyekezwa kwamarekhodi afanelekile: ukufunda ngomlando wesifo sesitshalo kanye nolwazi olufanele.
Isampula kanye nokuhlolwa (i-microscopy kanye nokuhlukaniswa): Qoqa amasampula ezitshalo ezigulayo ukuze zihlolwe nge-microscopic kanye nokuhlukaniswa.
Yenza izivivinyo ezithile: Yenza izivivinyo ezithile, njengokuhlaziya amakhemikhali noma ukuhlola kwebhayoloji, njengoba kudingeka.
Dweba iziphetho usebenzisa ukuqedwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo: thola imbangela yesifo isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngokuqedwa.
Umthetho kaKoch.
Ukuxilongwa kwezifo ezihlaselayo kanye nokuhlonza amagciwane kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokulandela uMthetho kaKoch, ochazwe ngezansi:
Ukuba khona kwe-microorganism ye-pathogenic kuvame ukuhambisana nesitshalo esigulayo.
Le microorganism ingahlukaniswa futhi ihlanzwe emithonjeni engayodwa noma yokwenziwa ukuze kutholwe isiko elimsulwa.
Isiko elihlanzekile ligonywa esitshalweni esinempilo sohlobo olufanayo bese kuvela isifo esinezimpawu ezifanayo.
Isiko elihlanzekile litholakala ngokuqhubeka nokuhlukaniswa nesitshalo esinezifo esifakwe isitofu esinezici ezifanayo ne-inoculum.
Uma le nqubo yokuhlonza izinyathelo ezine yenziwa futhi kutholakala ubufakazi obuqinile, i-microorganism ingaqinisekiswa njenge-pathogen yayo.
Amanothi
Umthetho kaKoch: izindlela ezine zokuhlonza amagciwane ahlongozwa isazi sezinto eziphilayo saseJalimane u-Koch, esetshenziselwa ukufakazela ukuthi i-microorganism iyi-pathogen yesifo esithile.
Amasu okulawula izifo zezitshalo
Ukulawulwa kwezifo zezitshalo ukushintsha ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitshalo, amagciwane kanye nemvelo ngokungenelela kwabantu, ukunciphisa inani lamagciwane, ukwenza buthaka i-pathogenicity yabo, kugcinwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nezifo kwezitshalo, kwandise imvelo, ukuze kufezwe inhloso ukulawula izifo.
Izinyathelo zokulawula eziphelele
Ekulawuleni okudidiyelwe, kufanele sithathe ukulawulwa kwezolimo njengesisekelo, futhi sisebenzise ngokunengqondo nangokubanzi izinyathelo zokuvikela izifo, ukusetshenziswa kokumelana nezifo, ukulawulwa kwebhayoloji, ukulawulwa ngokomzimba nokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali ngokuya kwesikhathi nendawo, futhi selaphe izinambuzane eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. . Lezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa:
I-Phytosanitary: ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwamagciwane ngembewu, izithombo, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kokumelana nezifo: ukukhetha nokukhuthaza izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo.
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo: ukusebenzisa izitha zemvelo noma izinto eziphilayo ezinenzuzo ukulawula izifo.
Ukulawula ngokomzimba: lawula isifo ngezindlela ezingokwenyama ezifana nokulawula izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama.
Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali: ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izifo.
Ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwalezi zinyathelo zokulawula, lesi sifo singalawuleka ngokuphumelelayo, sinciphise ukulahleka kwezitshalo ngenxa yobhadane lwezifo.
Amanothi
I-Phytosanitary: Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukusabalala kwamagciwane ngembewu, izithombo, njll., okuhloswe ngayo ukuvikela izinsiza zezitshalo nokuphepha kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-28-2024
