Ama-fungicides: izinhlobo, ukwakheka kanye nendlela yokusebenza kwawo

Izinhlobo zama-fungicides

1.1 Ngokwesakhiwo samakhemikhali

Ama-fungicides e-organic:Izingxenye eziyinhloko zalawa ma-fungicides ama-organic compounds aqukethe i-carbon. Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo, ama-organic fungicides angakwazi ukulawula ngempumelelo izifo ezihlukahlukene.

I-Chlorothalonil: isikhunta esibanzi, esivame ukusetshenziswa emifino, izithelo nezitshalo zokuhlobisa.
I-Thiophanate-methyl: ukuvimbela nokwelashwa kwezifo, okusebenzayo ezihlahleni zezithelo, imifino nokunye.

I-Thiophanate-Methyl 70% ye-WP Fungicide

Ama-inorganic fungicides:Ama-inorganic fungicides akhiwa ikakhulukazi ama-inorganic compounds, njengethusi, isulfure nokunye. Lawa ma-fungicides asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo futhi anesikhathi eside sokuhlala.

I-Bordeaux liquid: ukuvimbela nokwelashwa kwezifo zezihlahla zezithelo, imifino, njll.
Isibabule: isikhunta sendabuko, esisetshenziselwa amagilebhisi, imifino, njll.

1.2 Ngokomthombo wezinto ezingavuthiwe zama-fungicides

Ama-inorganic fungicides:Kubandakanya amalungiselelo ethusi nesibabule, lawa ma-fungicides avame ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo zefungal kanye ne-bacterial.

I-oxychloride yethusi: lawula izifo zesikhunta kanye nebhaktheriya.

Ama-fungicides e-sulphur ephilayo:Lawa ma-fungicides abulala ikakhulukazi amagciwane e-pathogenic ngokukhipha i-hydrogen sulfide, evame ukusetshenziswa ekulawuleni i-powdery mildew nezinye izifo zesikhunta.

Impushana yesibabule: ukulawula isikhutha, ukugqwala nokunye.

I-Organophosphorus fungicides:Izinhlanganisela ze-Organophosphorus zivame ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nesikhunta, nge-spectrum ebanzi nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.

I-Mancozeb: isibulala-sikhunta esibanzi, ukulawulwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene zokukhunta.

I-Mancozeb 80% WP

I-arsenic fungicides yemvelo:Nakuba zisebenza kahle, manje ziyaqedwa ngenxa yobuthi bazo obuphezulu.

I-Arsenic acid: ubuthi obuphezulu, manje bususiwe.

I-Benzene derivatives ye-fungicides:Lawa ma-fungicides ahlukene ngokwesakhiwo futhi ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ezahlukahlukene, njenge-downy mildew kanye ne-powdery mildew.

I-Carbendazim: isikhunta esibanzi, ukulawula izihlahla zezithelo, imifino nezinye izifo.

Carbendazim 50% SC

I-Azole fungicides:I-Azole fungicides ivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-fungal cell membranes ukubulala amagciwane e-pathogenic, asetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izifo zezithelo nemifino.

I-Tebuconazole: ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ezihlahleni zezithelo, ukulawula izifo zemifino.

I-Systemic Fungicide Tebuconazole 25% EC

Ama-fungicides ethusi:Amalungiselelo ethusi anomphumela oqinile we-bactericidal, ovame ukusetshenziswa ekulawuleni izifo zefungal kanye ne-bacterial.

I-Copper hydroxide: ukulawula izihlahla zezithelo, imifino kanye nezinye izifo.

Ama-antibiotic fungicides:Ama-antibiotic akhiqizwa ama-microorganisms, njenge-streptomycin ne-tetracycline, ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

I-Streptomycin: ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Ama-fungicides ahlanganisiwe:Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-fungicides kungathuthukisa umphumela we-fungicidal futhi kunciphise ukumelana namabhaktheriya e-pathogenic.

I-Zineb: i-fungicide ehlanganisiwe, ukulawula izifo ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta.

Izibulala-zinambuzane Zokuvikela Izitshalo Zineb 80% WP

Amanye ama-fungicides:Kubandakanya ama-fungicides amasha futhi akhethekile, afana nezitshalo zezitshalo nama-biological agents.

Amafutha abalulekile esihlahla setiye: isitshalo semvelo sikhipha isikhunta, i-antibacterial ebanzi.

1.3 Ngokuhambisana nendlela yokusetshenziswa

Amanxusa okuzivikela: esetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukwenzeka kwezifo.

Ingxube ye-Bordeaux: eyenziwe nge-copper sulfate ne-lime, inomphumela obanzi we-bactericidal futhi isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zezihlahla zezithelo, imifino kanye nezinye izitshalo.

Ukumiswa kwesibabule: isithako esiyinhloko yisibabule, esisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo eziningi zesikhunta, njenge-powdery mildew, ukugqwala nokunye.

Ama-ejenti okwelapha: esetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo esezivele zenzeka.

I-Carbendazim: isikhunta esine-spectrum esibanzi esinemiphumela yokuvimbela kanye nokwelapha, evame ukusetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izihlahla zezithelo, imifino kanye nezinye izifo zesikhunta.

I-Thiophanate-methyl: Inemiphumela yesistimu neyokwelapha, futhi isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukulawula izifo zezihlahla zezithelo, imifino nezimbali.

Ama-eradicators: Isetshenziselwa ukuqeda ngokuphelele amagciwane.

I-Formaldehyde: isetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini, ngokuvala inzalo okuqinile nokuqeda amagciwane, evame ukusetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwe-greenhouse kanye ne-greenhouse.

I-Chloropicrin: ifumigant yomhlabathi, esetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane e-pathogenic, izinambuzane nembewu yokhula enhlabathini, elungele izindawo zokugcina izithombo, izindawo zokugcina izithombo kanye namapulazi.

Ama-systemic agents: Kumuncwa ngezimpande zezitshalo noma amaqabunga ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawula isitshalo sonke.

I-Tebuconazole: isikhunta esine-spectrum esibanzi, sibulala amagciwane e-pathogenic ngokuvimbela ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana esikhunta, asetshenziswa kakhulu ezihlahleni zezithelo, imifino kanye nezitshalo zokudla.

Isilondolozi: isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukubola kwezicubu zezitshalo.

I-Copper sulfate: enemiphumela ye-bactericidal ne-antiseptic, evame ukusetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezitshalweni kanye nokuvimbela ukubola kwezicubu zezitshalo.

1.4 Ngokuhambisana nezici zokuqhuba

I-fungicide yesistimu: ingamuncwa isitshalo futhi iqhutshwe kuso sonke isitshalo, ngemiphumela engcono yokulawula.

I-Pyraclostrobin: uhlobo olusha lwesikhunta esine-spectrum esibanzi esinemiphumela yokuvimbela kanye nokwelapha, evame ukusetshenziswa ezihlahleni zezithelo, imifino nokunye.

I-Pyraclostrobin Fungicide 25%SC

I-Non-sorbent fungicide: dlala indima kuphela endaweni yesicelo, ngeke inyakaze esitshalweni.

I-Mancozeb: isikhunta esivikelayo esibanzi, esisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukulawula izifo zesikhunta, ngeke sinyakaze esitshalweni ngemva kokufakwa.

1.5 Ngokusho kochwepheshe besenzo

Ama-fungicides asezindaweni eziningi (okungewona akhethekile).: yenza inqubo engaphezu kweyodwa ye-physiological ye-pathogen.

I-Mancozeb: isebenza ezinqubweni eziningi zomzimba ze-pathogen, inomphumela obanzi we-bactericidal, futhi ivimbela izifo ezihlukahlukene zokukhunta.

Izibulala-sikhunta ezisendaweni eyodwa (ezikhethekile).: yenza kuphela ngenqubo ethile ye-physiological ye-pathogen.

I-Tebuconazole: Isebenza ezinqubweni ezithile zomzimba ze-pathogen futhi ibulala amagciwane e-pathogenic ngokuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-fungal cell membrane.

1.6 Ngokuhambisana nezindlela ezehlukene zokwenza

Ama-fungicides avikelayo: okuhlanganisa umphumela wokuthinta amagciwane kanye nomphumela osele we-bactericidal.

I-Mancozeb: isikhunta esivikelayo esibanzi, esisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izifo ezihlukahlukene zokukhunta.

Sulfur suspension: isikhunta esibanzi, esisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela nokulawula impuphu nokugqwala.

Ama-fungicides esistimu: kufaka phakathi ukuqhutshwa kwe-apical kanye ne-basal conduction.

I-Pyraclostrobin: isikhunta esisha esine-spectrum esibanzi esinemiphumela yokuvimbela kanye nokwelapha.

I-Propiconazole: i-systemic fungicide, evame ukusetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo zokusanhlamvu, izihlahla zezithelo nezinye izitshalo.

I-Organic Fungicide Propiconazole 250g/L EC

1.7 Ngokwendlela yokusetshenziswa

Ukwelashwa komhlabathi:

I-formaldehyde: isetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane enhlabathini, ukubulala amagciwane e-pathogenic emhlabathini.

Ukwelashwa kwesiqu namaqabunga:

I-Carbendazim: Isetshenziselwa ukufafaza iziqu zezitshalo namaqabunga ukulawula izifo ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta.

Ukwelashwa kwembewu:

I-Thiophanate-methyl: isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwembewu ukuvimbela amagciwane embewu nokudluliswa kwezifo.

1.8 Ngokokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukene

Ama-inorganic fungicides:

Ingxube yeBordeaux: ingxube ye-copper sulfate ne-lime, isikhunta esibanzi esibanzi.

I-sulphur: isetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni i-powdery mildew, ukugqwala nokunye.

Ama-fungicides e-organic:

I-Carbendazim: isikhunta esibanzi esibanzi, ukulawulwa kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zokukhunta.

I-Tebuconazole: isikhunta esine-spectrum esibanzi, sivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-fungal cell membrane.

Ama-fungicides ebhayoloji:

I-Streptomycin: ama-antibiotic akhiqizwa ama-microorganisms, ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Ama-antibiotic ezolimo ama-fungicides:

I-Streptomycin: i-antibiotic, ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

I-Tetracycline: i-antibiotic, ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Ama-fungicides athathwe esitshalweni:

Amafutha abalulekile esihlahla setiye: isitshalo semvelo esikhishwe esinomphumela obanzi we-antibacterial.

1.9 Ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene zesakhiwo samakhemikhali

Ama-fungicides asuselwa kuCarbamate:

I-Carbendazim: isikhunta esine-spectrum esibanzi sokulawula izifo ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta.

I-Amide fungicides:

I-Metribuzin: evame ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula ukhula, futhi inomphumela we-fungicidal.

I-heterocyclic fungicides enamalungu ayisithupha:

I-Pyraclostrobin: isikhunta esisha esine-spectrum esibanzi esinemiphumela yokuvimbela kanye nokwelapha.

I-heterocyclic fungicides enamalungu amahlanu:

I-Tebuconazole: isikhunta esine-spectrum esibanzi, sivimbela ukwakheka kwe-fungal cell membrane.

I-Organophosphorus ne-methoxyacrylate fungicides:

I-Methomyl: ejwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane, kodwa futhi inomphumela othile we-fungicidal.

I-Methomyl 90% SP

Ama-fungicides ethusi:

Ingxube yeBordeaux: ingxube ye-copper sulfate ne-lime, inzalo ebanzi.

Ama-inorganic sulfur fungicides:

Sulfur ukumiswa: kabanzi ekulawuleni powdery isikhutha, nokugqwala, njll.

I-arsenic fungicides yemvelo:

I-Arsenic acid: ubuthi obuphezulu, manje bususiwe.

Amanye ama-fungicides:

Izitshalo ezikhishwe izitshalo nezinhlanganisela ezintsha (njengamafutha abalulekile esihlahla setiye): umphumela we-antibacterial obanzi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuphepha.

Uhlobo lwe-fungicide

2.1 Impuphu (DP)
Ngesibulala-zinambuzane sokuqala nesigcwalisi esingenasici esixutshwe ngenani elithile, impushana echotshoziwe nesieved. Ngokujwayelekile isetshenziselwa ukufafaza okuyimpushana ekukhiqizeni.

2.2 Impushana emanzi (WP)
I-pesticide yasekuqaleni, i-filler kanye nenani elithile lezithasiselo, ngokulingana nokuxuba okugcwele nokuchotshozwa, ukuze kuzuzwe ukucoleka okuthile kwempushana. Ingasetshenziselwa ukufafaza.

2.3 I-Emulsion (EC)
Eyaziwa nangokuthi "emulsion". Ngesibulala-zinambuzane sokuqala ngokwengxenye ethile yezinyibilikisi eziphilayo kanye nama-emulsifiers ancibilike oketshezini olunamafutha asobala. Ingasetshenziselwa ukufafaza. I-emulsion kulula ukungena ku-epidermis yezinambuzane, ingcono kune-powder emanzi.

2.4 Okunamanzi (AS)
Ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zincibilika kalula emanzini, futhi zingasetshenziswa namanzi ngaphandle kwezithasiselo. Njenge-crystalline lithosulfuric acid, i-insecticide kabili, njll.

2.5 Izinhlamvana (GR)
Kwenziwe ngokukhangisa inani elithile le-ejenti enezinhlayiya zenhlabathi, i-cinder, i-brick slag, isihlabathi. Ngokuvamile i-filler ne-pesticide kuchotshozwa ndawonye kube yimpushana ethile, engeza amanzi kanye ne-ejenti eyisizayo ukwenza ama-granules. Ingasakazwa ngesandla noma ngomshini.

2.6 I-ejenti yokumisa okwesikhashana (ukumiswa kwejeli) (SC)
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultra-micro-grinding emanzi, impushana yesibulala-zinambuzane ehlakazekile emanzini noma emafutheni kanye nama-surfactants, ukwakheka kokwakheka koketshezi okugelezayo kwe-viscous. I-ejenti yokumiswa exutshwe nanoma iyiphi ingxenye yamanzi ukuze incibilike, ilungele izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufutha. Ngemva kokufafaza, ingonga u-20% ~50% wesibulala-zinambuzane sokuqala ngenxa yokumelana namanzi emvula.

2.7 I-Fumigant (FU)
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-ejenti aqinile ane-sulfuric acid, amanzi nezinye izinto ukuze asabele ukukhiqiza amagesi anobuthi, noma ukusetshenziswa kwama-agent aphansi abilayo amagesi anobuthi aguquguqukayo, ukufutheka ezindaweni ezivaliwe nakwezinye izindawo ezithile ukuze kubulawe izinambuzane namagciwane okulungiswa.

2.8 I-Aerosol (AE)
I-aerosol iyisisombululo sikawoyela esiwuketshezi noma esiqinile, ukusetshenziswa kokushisa noma amandla emishini, uketshezi oluhlakazekile ekumisweni okuqhubekayo kwamaconsi amancane emoyeni, lube i-aerosol.

Indlela ye-fungicides

3.1 Ithonya ekwakhekeni kweseli kanye nokusebenza

Ama-fungicides avimbela ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic ngokuthinta ukwakheka kwezindonga ze-fungal cell kanye ne-plasma membrane biosynthesis. Amanye ama-fungicides enza amangqamuzana e-pathogen angavikelwe ngokucekela phansi ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli, okuholela ekugcineni ekufeni kwamangqamuzana.

3.2 Umthelela ekukhiqizweni kwamandla eselula

Ama-fungicides angaphazamisa inqubo yokukhiqiza amandla amagciwane ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, amanye ama-fungicides avimbela i-glycolysis kanye ne-fatty acid β-oxidation, ukuze amagciwane angakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ngokujwayelekile, okuholela ekufeni kwawo.

3.3 Ukuthinta ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ze-metabolic kanye nemisebenzi yazo

Amanye ama-fungicides enza ngokuphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwama-nucleic acids fungal namaprotheni. Lezi zinqubo ze-metabolic zibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekukhiqizeni amagciwane; ngakho-ke, ngokuvimbela lezi zinqubo, ama-fungicides angakwazi ukulawula ngokuphumelelayo ukuvela nokusabalala kwezifo.

3.4 Ukugqugquzela ukuzilawula kwezitshalo

Amanye ama-fungicides awasebenzi nje kuphela kubhaktheriya we-pathogenic, kodwa futhi enza isitshalo ukuthi simelane nezifo. Lawa maphilisi okubulala isikhunta angenza izitshalo zikhiqize “izinto zamasosha omzimba” eziqondene ngqo namagciwane noma zihlanganyele ekusetshenzisweni komzimba ukuze zikhiqize izinto ezisebenzayo ngokumelene namagciwane, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukumelana kwesitshalo ezifweni.

Isiphetho

Ama-fungicides adlala indima ebalulekile kwezolimo zesimanje ngokulawula nokuvikela izifo zezitshalo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-fungicides zinezici zazo ngokuya ngesakhiwo samakhemikhali, indlela yokusetshenziswa, izakhiwo zokuqhuba kanye nendlela yokwenza, okubenza basetshenziswe kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zezolimo. Ukukhethwa okunengqondo nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-sikhunta kungathuthukisa ngempumelelo isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezitshalo futhi kuqinisekise intuthuko esimeme yokukhiqizwa kwezolimo.

FAQ

I-FAQ 1: Iyini i-organic fungicide?

Ama-organic fungicides ama-fungicides enziwe ngezinto eziphilayo eziqukethe i-carbon, ezinezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene kanye nemiphumela eminingi yokubulala amagciwane.

I-FAQ 2: Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-fungicides?

Izinhlobo zemithamo eyinhloko yemithi yokubulala isikhunta ihlanganisa izimpushana, izimpushana ezimanzi, uwoyela omulsifiable, izixazululo ezinamanzi, ama-granules, amajeli, amafumigants, ama-aerosols kanye nezifutha.

I-FAQ 3: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-systemic fungicide kanye ne-non-systemic fungicide?

Ama-fungicides angamuncwa isitshalo futhi adluliselwe kuso sonke isitshalo, esinomphumela ongcono wokulawula; ama-non-sorbent fungicides asebenza kuphela endaweni yokufaka isicelo futhi awanyakazi esitshalweni.

I-FAQ 4: Ngabe ama-fungicides athinta kanjani umzimba weselula?

Ama-fungicides avimbela ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamagciwane ngokuphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwama-nucleic acid namaprotheni, athinte inqubo yokukhiqiza amandla, futhi acekele phansi isakhiwo seseli.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa 5: Yiziphi izinzuzo zokubulala isikhunta ethathwe ezitshalweni?

Izibulala-sikhunta ze-botanical zenziwa ngezitshalo ezikhishwe ezitshalweni futhi ngokuvamile azinobuthi obuncane, azihambisani nemvelo futhi mancane amathuba okuthi zingamelana nazo.