Izifo Ezivamile Zotamatisi Nezinketho Zokwelapha

Utamatisiziyimifino ethandwayo kodwa zingenwa izifo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuqonda lezi zifo nokuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula ezisebenzayo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukukhula okunempilo kukatamatisi. Kulesi sihloko, sizokwethula ngokuningiliziwe izifo ezivamile zikatamatisi nezindlela zabo zokulawula, futhi sichaze amagama athile ahlobene nezobuchwepheshe.

I-Tomato Bacterial Spot

Utamatisi Spot webhaktheriyakubangelwa amagciwaneI-Xanthomonas campestris pv. i-vesicatoriafuthi ikakhulukazi kuthinta amaqabunga nezithelo. Ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, amabala amancane anamanzi avela emaqabunga. Njengoba lesi sifo siqhubeka, amachashaza kancane kancane aphenduka abe mnyama futhi akhe i-halo ephuzi nxazonke zawo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, amaqabunga azokoma futhi awe, futhi amabala amnyama azovela ebusweni besithelo, okuholela ekuboleni kwezithelo futhi kuthinte isivuno kanye nekhwalithi.

Indlela yokudlulisa:
Lesi sifo sisatshalaliswa yimvula, amanzi okunisela, umoya nezinambuzane, kodwa futhi namathuluzi angcolile nemisebenzi yabantu. I-pathogen overwinters ensaleni yezifo kanye nomhlabathi futhi iphinda ithele izitshalo entwasahlobo lapho izimo zivuma.

I-Tomato Bacterial Spot

Izithako Zemithi Enconyiwe Nezinketho Zokwelashwa:

Ama-fungicides asekelwe ethusi: isb, i-copper hydroxide noma isisombululo se-Bordeaux, sifuthwe njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10. Amalungiselelo ethusi asebenza ngempumelelo ekuvimbeleni ukuzala nokusabalala kwamabhaktheriya.
I-Streptomycin: Futha njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo, i-Streptomycin ivimbela ukusebenza kwamagciwane futhi ibambezela ukukhula kwesifo.

I-Xanthomonas campestris pv. i-vesicatoria

I-Xanthomonas campestris pv. I-vesicatoria iyi-bacterium ebangela ukufiphala okunamabala kukatamatisi nopelepele. Isakazwa ngokuchaphaza kwemvula noma ukudluliswa kwemishini futhi ihlasele amaqabunga nezithelo zesitshalo kubangele amabala anamanzi kancane kancane aphenduke abe mnyama futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu abangele ukuthi amaqabunga ome futhi awe.

Ukubola Kwezimpande Zotamatisi

Ukubola kwezimpande zikatamatisikubangwa izinhlobonhlobo zesikhunta senhlabathi, njengeFusarium spp. kanye nePythium spp. futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthelela izimpande. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, izimpande zibonisa ukubola okumanzi, okuphenduka kancane kancane kube umbala onsundu noma omnyama, futhi ekugcineni lonke uhlelo lwezimpande lubole. Izitshalo ezigulayo zibonisa ukukhula okumile, ukuphuzi kanye nokushwabana kwamaqabunga, okuholela ekufeni kwezitshalo.

Izindlela zokudlulisa:
Lama-pathogens asatshalaliswa emhlabathini kanye namanzi okunisela futhi ancamela ukwanda endaweni enomswakama ophezulu kanye nezimo zokushisa eziphezulu. Umhlabathi othelelekile kanye nemithombo yamanzi iyindlela eyinhloko yokudlulisela, futhi amagciwane angasakazwa ngamathuluzi, imbewu kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo.

Ukubola Kwezimpande Zotamatisi

Izithako zemithi ezinconyiwe nohlelo lokwelapha:

I-Metalaxyl: Fafaza njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuvela kwezifo eziphezulu.I-Metalaxyl iyasebenza ngokumelene nokubola kwezimpande okubangelwa yi-Pythium spp.

I-Metalaxyl

Carbendazim: Isebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nezinhlobonhlobo zesikhunta senhlabathi, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwelapha inhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala kabusha noma ukufafaza ekuqaleni kwesifo.I-Carbendazim inomphumela obanzi wokubulala isikhunta, futhi iyasebenza ekulawuleni ukubola kwezimpande okubangelwa I-Fusarium spp.

Carbendazim

I-Fusarium spp.

I-Fusarium spp. ibhekisela eqenjini lesikhunta kuhlobo lwe-Fusarium ebangela izifo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo, kuhlanganise nezimpande zikatamatisi kanye nokubola kwesiqu. Zisakazeka enhlabathini nasemanzini, zithelela izimpande nesiqu sesitshalo, okuholela ekubeni zibe nsundu nokubola kwezicubu, ukushwabana kwesitshalo, ngisho nokufa imbala.

I-Pythium spp.

I-Pythium spp. ibhekisela eqenjini lesikhunta samanzi ohlotsheni lwePythium, futhi lawa magciwane ngokuvamile ahlala endaweni emanzi futhi enamanzi amaningi. Babangela ukubola kwezimpande zikatamatisi okuholela ekugqumeni nasekuboleni kwezimpande kanye nezitshalo ezimile noma ezifile.

Utamatisi Grey isikhunta

Isikhunta esimpunga sikatamatisi sibangelwa ukhunta i-Botrytis cinerea, etholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, kuvela amabala anamanzi esithelweni, eziqwini nasemaqabunga, ambozwa kancane kancane ngongqimba lwesikhunta esimpunga. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, isithelo siyabola futhi siwe, futhi iziqu namaqabunga kuba nsundu futhi abole.

Umzila wokudlulisela:
Isikhunta sisatshalaliswa umoya, imvula, nokuthintana, futhi sincamela ukuzala endaweni emanzi, epholile. I-fungus overwinters emfucumfucwini yezitshalo futhi iphinda ithele isitshalo entwasahlobo lapho izimo zivuma.

Isikhunta esimpunga sikatamatisi

Izithako Zemithi Enconyiwe Nezinketho Zokwelashwa:

Carbendazim: Fafaza njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ukuze uthole isenzo sokubulala isikhunta esibanzi.
Iprodione: ifuthwe njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10, inomphumela ongcono wokulawula kusikhunta esimpunga. I-Iprodione ingakwazi ukulawula ngempumelelo ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo futhi inciphise ukubola kwezithelo.

I-Botrytis cinerea

I-Botrytis cinerea iyisikhunta esidala isikhunta esimpunga futhi sithinta kakhulu izitshalo ezihlukahlukene. Iphindaphindeka ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinomswakama, yenze ungqimba olumpunga lwesikhunta oluthelela ikakhulukazi izithelo, izimbali, namahlamvu, okuholela ekuboleni kwezithelo kanye nokukhubazeka kwempilo yezitshalo.

Utamatisi Gray Leaf Spot

Ichashaza leqabunga likatamatisi libangelwa ukhunta iStemphylium solani. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, amachashazi amancane ampunga-nsundu avela emaqabunga, umkhawulo wamabala uyabonakala, kancane kancane ukhula, indawo ephakathi kwamabala iyoma, futhi ekugcineni iholele ekulahlekelweni kwamaqabunga. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-photosynthesis yesitshalo iyavinjelwa, ukukhula kumile, futhi isivuno siyancipha.

Indlela yokudlulisa:
I-pathogen isakazwa umoya, imvula kanye nokuthintana futhi ikhetha ukuzala endaweni emanzi nefudumele. I-pathogen overwinters emfucumfucwini yezitshalo nomhlabathi futhi iphinda ithele izitshalo entwasahlobo lapho izimo zivuma.

Utamatisi Gray Leaf Spot

Izithako Zemithi Enconyiwe Nezinketho Zokwelashwa:

eMancozeb: Futha njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10 ukuze uvikeleke ngempumelelo kanye nokwelashwa kwebala elimpunga.

I-Thiophanate-methyl: Futha njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10, ngomphumela onamandla obulala amagciwane. I-thiophanate-methyl inomthelela omkhulu endaweni yeqabunga elimpunga, ingalawula ngempumelelo ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo.

I-Thiophanate-Methyl

I-Stemphylium solani

I-Stemphylium solani isikhunta esidala indawo yeqabunga elimpunga kutamatisi. Isikhunta sakha amachashaza ampunga-nsundu emaqabunga, anemiphetho ehlukile yamachashazi, futhi kancane kancane sande ukuze amaqabunga awele, okuthinta kakhulu i-photosynthesis nokukhula okunempilo kwesitshalo.

Ukubola kwesiqu sikatamatisi

Ukubola kwesiqu sikatamatisi kubangwa ukhunta i-Fusarium oxysporum, ehlasela kakhulu isisekelo sesiqu. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, amabala ansundu avela phansi kwesiqu, akhula kancane kancane futhi abole, okuholela ekubeni mnyama futhi abune phansi kwesiqu. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, lesi sitshalo siyabuna futhi siyafa.

Indlela yokudlulisa:
I-pathogen isakazwa ngenhlabathi kanye namanzi okunisela futhi ikhetha ukuzala ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezimo eziphezulu zomswakama. Umhlabathi othelelekile kanye nemithombo yamanzi iyindlela eyinhloko yokudlulisela, futhi i-pathogen ingasakazwa ngembewu, amathuluzi kanye nemfucumfucu yezitshalo.

Ukubola kwesiqu sikatamatisi

Izithako zemithi ezinconyiwe nohlelo lokwelapha:

I-Metalaxyl: Fafaza njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuvela kwezifo eziphezulu.I-Metalaxyl iphumelela kakhulu ngokumelene ne-stem basal rot.
Carbendazim: Isebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene ne-Fusarium oxysporum, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo.

I-Fusarium oxysporum

I-Fusarium oxysporum iyisikhunta esibangela ukubola kwesiqu sikatamatisi. Isakazeka enhlabathini nasemanzini futhi ingena ezimpandeni kanye nesisekelo sesiqu sesitshalo, ibangele ukuthi izicubu zibe nsundu futhi zibole, futhi kubangele ukubuna nokufa kwesitshalo.

I-tomato stem blight

I-tomato stem canker ibangelwa ukhunta i-Didymella lycopersici, ikakhulukazi ehlasela isiqu. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, ama-patches ansundu amnyama avela eziqwini, akhula kancane kancane futhi abangele ukuthi iziqu zome. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, iziqu ziyaqhekeka futhi ukukhula kwezitshalo kuyaphazamiseka, ekugcineni kuholele ekufeni kwezitshalo.

Indlela yokudlulisa:
I-pathogen isatshalaliswa enhlabathini, imfucumfucu yezitshalo nomoya nemvula, ikhetha ukuzala endaweni emanzi futhi epholile. I-pathogen overwinters emfucumfucwini ogulayo futhi iphinda ithele izitshalo entwasahlobo lapho izimo zivuma.

I-tomato stem blight

Izithako Zemithi Enconyiwe Nezinketho Zokwelashwa:

I-Thiophanate-methyl: fafaza njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-10 ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo i-stem blight.I-Thiophanate-methyl ivimbela ukusakazeka nokuphindaphindeka kwesifo futhi inciphisa ukutholakala kwalesi sifo.
Carbendazim: Inomphumela omuhle we-bactericidal futhi ingasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwesifo. I-carbendazim inomphumela obalulekile ku-stem blight futhi ingalawula ngempumelelo ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo.

I-Didymella lycopersici

I-Didymella lycopersici isikhunta esibangela ukubola kwesiqu sikatamatisi. Ihlasela kakhulu isiqu, okwenza kuvele amabala ansundu ngokumnyama eziqwini futhi kancane kancane zome, kuphazamise kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwamanzi nezakhi zesitshalo, futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekufeni kwezitshalo.

Okulimaza utamatisi sekwephuzile

I-tomato blight sekwephuzile ibangelwa i-Phytophthora infestans futhi ivame ukuqubuka endaweni emanzi, epholile. Lesi sifo siqala ngamachashaza aluhlaza okumnyama, anamanzi emaqabunga, akhula ngokushesha futhi abangele ukufa kweqabunga lonke. Amabala afanayo avela esithelweni futhi ayabola kancane kancane.

Umzila wokudlulisela:
I-pathogen isakazwa umoya, imvula kanye nokuthintana, futhi ikhetha ukuzala ezindaweni ezimanzi, ezipholile. I-pathogen overwinters emfucumfucwini yezitshalo futhi iphinda ithele isitshalo entwasahlobo lapho izimo zivuma.

Okulimaza utamatisi sekwephuzile

Izingxenye Ezinconyiwe Nezinketho Zokwelashwa:

I-Metalaxyl: Fafaza njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10 ukuze uvimbele ngempumelelo ukubola okuphuzile. i-metataxyl ivimbela ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo futhi inciphisa ukutholakala kwalesi sifo.
I-Dimethomorph: Fafaza njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ukuze ulawule kahle isifo esilimazayo. i-dimethomorph ingalawula ngempumelelo ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo futhi inciphise ukubola kwezithelo.

I-Phytophthora infestans

I-Phytophthora infestans iyi-pathogen ebangela ukubola okuphuzile kutamatisi namazambane. Kuyisikhunta samanzi esikhetha izimo ezimanzi nezipholile, okwenza kube namabala aluhlaza okotshani, anamanzi emaqabunga nezithelo asakazeka ngokushesha futhi abangele ukufa kwezitshalo.

Isikhunta seqabunga likatamatisi

Isikhunta seqabunga likatamatisi sibangelwa ukhunta i-Cladosporium fulvum futhi senzeka kakhulu endaweni enomswakama. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sifo, isikhunta esimpunga-luhlaza sivela ngemuva kwamaqabunga, futhi kunezindawo eziphuzi ngaphambili kwamaqabunga. Njengoba lesi sifo sikhula, ungqimba lwesikhunta luyakhula kancane kancane, okwenza amaqabunga aphenduke abephuzi futhi awe.

Indlela yokudlulisa:
I-pathogen isakazwa umoya, imvula kanye nokuthintana, futhi ikhetha ukuzala ezindaweni ezimanzi nezifudumele. I-pathogen overwinters emfucumfucwini yezitshalo futhi iphinda ithele isitshalo entwasahlobo lapho izimo zivuma.

Isikhunta seqabunga likatamatisi

Izithako Zemithi Enconyiwe Nezinketho Zokwelashwa:

I-Chlorothalonil: Futha njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10 ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo isikhunta samaqabunga i-Chlorothalonil iyisibulala-fungi esibanzi esivimbela ukusakazeka nokusabalala kwesifo.
I-Thiophanate-methyl: Futha njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo isikhunta samaqabunga. I-thiophanate-methyl iyasebenza ekulawuleni ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwamaqabunga.
Ngokusebenzisa ama-ejenti esayensi nenengqondo kanye nezinyathelo zokuphatha, izifo zikatamatisi zingalawulwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi zivinjelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula okunempilo kwezitshalo zikatamatisi, ukuthuthukisa isivuno kanye nekhwalithi.

I-Cladosporium fulvum

I-Cladosporium fulvum iyisikhunta esibangela isikhunta seqabunga likatamatisi. Isikhunta siphindaphindeka ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinomswakama futhi sihlasela amaqabunga, okuholela ekubeni isikhunta esimpunga-luhlaza ngaphansi kwamaqabunga namachashaza aphuzi ngaphambili kwamaqabunga, okuholela ekuhutsheni kwamaqabunga ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.